Introduction to Philosophy
by Grace Podcasts
In these short episodes delve into different philosophical texts and gain a simple understanding of complex topics.
Podcast episodes
Season 10
Leibniz's Discourse on Metaphysics
Leibniz argues for God's creation as the best possible world, defining God's attributes (omniscience, omnipotence) and explaining the relationship between God, individual substances (monads), and the universe. He distinguishes between efficient and final causes, highlighting the role of God's will and understanding in governing events. Finally, he addresses the nature of human free will within this predetermined yet harmonious system.
Leibniz's Monadology
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz's Monadology proposes that the universe consists of simple, indivisible substances called monads, each possessing perception and appetition. These monads, differing in quality, are distinct from one another and represent the entire universe from their unique perspective. Leibniz argues for the existence of God as the necessary substance that grounds the existence and harmony of all monads, establishing a pre-established harmony between the physical and moral realms. This harmony ensures that the actions of monads, governed by final causes, align perfectly with the laws of efficient causes in the physical world. Ultimately, Leibniz's system envisions a divinely ordered universe where all things, both physical and moral, work together in a perfect and preordained system.
Descartes' Discourse on Method
The first rationalist we will cover is Rene Descartes. Descartes details his methodical approach to doubting established beliefs, aiming to construct a firm foundation for truth. The excerpt covers his skepticism, his four maxims for reasoning, and his proofs for the existence of God and the human soul. Further, it summarizes his physics, focusing on the motion of the heart and the distinction between humans and animals. Finally, it discusses the reasons behind his decision to publish his work, expressing both confidence in his methods and reluctance to engage in fruitless controversies.
Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding
The third of the "British Empiricists" is John Locke, also known for his political philosophy and his Treatises on Government (check out our episode on the second treatise). Locke's Essay Concerning Human Understanding, presented here in excerpts, explores the origins and nature of human knowledge. Locke argues against the existence of innate ideas, proposing instead that all knowledge stems from sensory experience (sensation) and reflection on mental processes. He details various types of ideas, including simple and complex ideas, modes, substances, and relations, analyzing their formation and potential for error. The text also discusses the nature of personal identity, free will, and morality, ultimately aiming to establish a framework for understanding the limits and capabilities of human understanding.
