In this rich and expansive dialogue, Dr. Sohn A. Butts sits with educator, scholar, and thought partner Dr. Keith Brooks to examine deficit thinking and its origins, how it shows up in schools, and why it continues to undermine marginalized students and communities. Drawing from his upbringing in South Central Los Angeles and a pivotal awakening through a Stanford summer program, Dr. Brooks reflects on the moment he realized that brilliance and “cool” are not mutually exclusive, a revelation that shaped his multigenerational career in teaching and leadership.

The conversation unpacks how deficit-based language subtly permeates education: from curriculum that erases Black and Brown brilliance to school-family communications that only surface in moments of trouble. Dr. Brooks challenges the harmful label “at risk,” advocating instead for “at  ...