There is so much we don’t understand about the early universe. Or any part of the universe not nearby. Part of the reason for this is time and distance. The universe as we understand/see it today started ~13.8 billion years ago.

So how do we test something that we cannot view or experience? The evolution of galaxies takes place over billions of years. We cannot track its changes over the eons because human history is in the thousands of years and observations of the deep cosmos can be measured in decades. Yes we can see many snapshots of different galaxies at different points on their evolution but how to connect them on their journey?

One way is to model physics or physical processes. Put everything in as we understand into a mathematical framework. Run the code or the “model” and see if it matches what we see in our observations. W ...