What Did the Eastern Romans Call Themselves? - The Politics of Naming the Eastern Roman Empire | Sleepy Facts About History

The Roman Empire did not end when the western provinces fragmented in the fifth century. The eastern half, centered on Constantinople, continued for another thousand years, collecting taxes, enforcing Roman law, and marching under Roman standards. Yet today, we almost exclusively call this enduring state the Byzantine Empire, a name its inhabitants never used and a term that only emerged centuries after the empire fell. This episode explores why we call these people Byzantines, what their actual self-understanding was, and what our modern naming choices reveal about who gets to claim historical legitimacy.

I wanted to understand why a label invented by sixteenth-century scholars effectively erased a thousand years of Roman identity. The people of Constantinople considered themselves Romans, a continuity reflected in their coins, their legal codes, and their chronicles. As we examine the political tensions that arose after Charlemagne's coronation and the estrangement that followed the Fourth Crusade, it becomes clear that western Europe had specific political and religious reasons for dismissing the easterners as merely Greeks. Exploring this history reveals how terminology can quietly decide whose claims appear legitimate and whose identity deserves recognition.