In this episode, we explore the spectrum of cardiac surgical interventions used to treat coronary artery disease and valvular heart disorders. We’ll review operative techniques ranging from traditional open-heart surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass to minimally invasive and robotic-assisted procedures. Key concepts such as coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), vessel graft selection, and valve repair or replacement are discussed alongside the physiologic impact of surgery on cardiac function. Special emphasis is placed on perioperative nursing management, including maintaining hemodynamic stability, monitoring for complications such as postoperative delirium, hemorrhage, or dysrhythmias, and supporting early recovery. We’ll also highlight the importance of patient education, multidisciplinary collaboration, and cardiac rehabilitation to promote ...