In this episode, we break down the foundations of cardiovascular assessment, guiding you from core cardiac anatomy and physiology to advanced hemodynamic monitoring. We’ll review how nurses differentiate between subjective symptoms, such as chest pain and dyspnea, and objective findings, including vital signs, heart sounds, and peripheral perfusion. The episode highlights the role of cardiac biomarkers and diagnostic imaging in identifying myocardial injury and evaluating ejection fraction. We’ll also discuss important population differences, noting how age and gender influence presentation—particularly the tendency for women to experience atypical cardiac symptoms. Finally, we’ll examine key concepts in  ...