In cloud or fog, a runway may remain invisible while an airplane is already aligned with it and descending along a precise path. The airplane is not guessing. Ground transmitters or approved satellite-based procedures provide lateral and vertical guidance. Cockpit instruments show deviations. Trained crews and, on suitably equipped aircraft, automatic systems follow that guidance under strict limits. General aviation education only, not flight instruction, maintenance guidance, or a substitute for approved manuals and trained professionals. Sources and further reading: - FAA, Instrument Landing System: https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/ato/service_units/techops/navservices/gbng/ils - FAA Advisory Circular 20-191, Aircraft Low-Visibility Operations: https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/advisory_circulars/index.cfm/go/document.information/documentID/1033172
Move a control wheel to the right and the airplane does not slide sideways like a car. One aileron rises, the other lowers, and the unequal lift rolls the airplane. Pull back and an elevator changes the tail's force, rotating the nose. Press a rudder pedal and the vertical tail creates a sideways force that yaws the aircraft. General aviation education only, not flight instruction, maintenance guidance, or a substitute for approved manuals and trained professionals. Sources and further reading: - FAA, Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter 6: Flight Controls: https://www.faa.gov/regulationspolicies/handbooksmanuals/aviation/phak/chapter-6-flight-controls - FAA, Airplane Flying Handbook: https://www.faa.gov/regulations_policies/handbooks_manuals/aviation/airplane_handbook
A jet engine cannot begin by simply spraying fuel into a motionless machine and lighting it. Before combustion can support itself, air must already be moving through the compressor. A starter turns the engine. The compressor begins building airflow. Ignition and fuel are introduced in a controlled sequence. The turbine then extracts enough energy from the hot gas to keep the compressor turning without starter help. General aviation education only, not flight instruction, maintenance guidance, or a substitute for approved manuals and trained professionals. Sources and further reading: - FAA Aviation Maintenance Technician Handbook, Powerplant, Chapter 5: https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/07_amtp_ch5.pdf - NASA Glenn Research Center, Gas Turbine Propulsion: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/turbine-engines/
An airplane wing does not stay up because two parcels of air race around it and agree to meet at the back. Air above and below a wing has no such appointment. A wing creates lift because its shape, angle, and motion organize a pressure pattern and turn a moving stream of air. The air changes direction. The wing feels an opposing force. That force can support the airplane. General aviation education only, not flight instruction, maintenance guidance, or a substitute for approved manuals and trained professionals. Sources and further reading: - NASA Glenn Research Center, Lift: https://www1.grc.nasa.gov/beginners-guide-to-aeronautics/lift-3/ - FAA, Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge, Chapter 5: https://www.faa.gov/sites/faa.gov/files/07_phak_ch5_0.pdf