A comprehensive history and future outlook of genetic engineering, tracing its evolution from Mendel’s early heredity studies to modern CRISPR-Cas9 precision editing. How biology has shifted from a field of observation to a programmable engineering discipline that reshapes medicine, agriculture, and environmental conservation. Key milestones discussed include the discovery of the DNA double helix, the advent of recombinant DNA technology, and the landmark Human Genome Project. Beyond scientific achievements, we examine the socio-ethical dilemmas surrounding gene therapy, "designer babies," and corporate control over the global food supply. Looking toward 2026, the convergence of biotechnology with artificial intelligence while noting the challenges posed by high treatment costs and shifting federal research funding. Ultimately, a pivotal technolo ...