According to the natural law tradition of St. Thomas Aquinas, the Old Testament civil law wasn’t merely political, but was also “figurative” or symbolic in nature. Yet in his actual interpretation of the judicial precepts, Aquinas treats them almost entirely as political, an error that results in an overly broad and (ironically) theonomic understanding of the general equity principle of Old Testament civil law. In this paper, I critique Aquinas’s account, and argue that a narrower, libertarian interpretation of the general equity of the judicial precepts (along the lines of the Non-Aggression Principle) is able to more consistently appreciate their biblically figurative character.

George Buchanan was a late 16th-century Scottish Reformed thinker who used Scripture, history, and the natural law to argue for the restraint of civil rulers, th ...