Core Concepts & Etiology Anger is a normal human emotion, but inappropriate expression leads to hostility (verbal intimidation) and physical aggression. Biologically, aggression is linked to low serotonin, elevated dopamine and norepinephrine, and limbic system damage. High-risk conditions include schizophrenia (especially with command hallucinations), bipolar disorder, substance intoxication, dementia, and personality disorders. "Acting out" is an immature defense mechanism where clients use physical actions rather than words to cope with feelings of powerlessness.

The 5-Phase Aggression Cycle & Interventions Mastering this cycle is vital for clinical safety.

1. Triggering: The client exhibits restlessness, pacing, anxiety, and a loud voice. Action: Approach calmly ...