🧪 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM)

Patho: • T1DM: Autoimmune β-cell loss → absolute insulin ↓ → ketosis prone. • T2DM: Insulin resistance + relative insulin ↓; ketosis rare (stress/infection). • Prediabetes: IFG 100–125; IGT 140–199 (OGTT).

Acute priorities: • Hypoglycemia (<70): Rule of 15 → 15 g fast CHO, recheck 15 min; repeat PRN. If NPO/LOC: IM glucagon or IV D50. • DKA (T1): Kussmaul, fruity breath, ketones. • HHS (T2): Glu >600, severe dehydration, neuro changes. → 1st: fluids (0.9% NS), then IV regular insulin; replace K⁺ as indicated; add D5 when BG ≈250 (DKA)/300 (HHS).

🔥 HYPERTHYROIDISM (Graves)