The observable universe is overwhelmingly dominated by matter, rather than consisting of equal parts matter and antimatter. To explain this cosmological imbalance, the Sakharov conditions dictate that there must be a violation of Charge-Parity (CP) symmetry. CP symmetry assumes that physical laws remain identical if a particle is swapped with its antimatter counterpart (Charge conjugation) and its spatial coordinates are inverted (Parity).

In the Standard Model (SM) of particle physics, CP violation occurs naturally during weak interactions. It is mathematically encoded by a complex phase within the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa (CKM) matrix, which describes how quarks mix and transition between different flavours. This phenomenon was first observed in the decay of neutral kaons in 1964 and later definitively confirmed in B-meson decays by the  ...