Quantum computing introduces a fundamental threat to modern digital security. While classical computers process bits (0 or 1), quantum computers utilise qubits, enabling them to perform calculations through superposition and entanglement.

Two primary algorithms pose specific risks:

• Shor’s Algorithm: Capable of solving integer factorization and discrete logarithm problems exponentially faster than classical machines. This effectively breaks widely used public-key encryption standards like RSA and Elliptic Curve Cryptography (ECC).

• Grover’s Algorithm: Offers a quadratic speed-up for searching unsorted databases, reducing the effective security of symmetric encryption (e.g., AES) and hash functions. This necessitates doubling key sizes (e.g., m ...