Samuel Dashiell Hammett architected the hard-boiled detective and the entire film noir movement, drawing on his real years as a Pinkerton operative. In that era the agency functioned as a privatized corporate force, and Hammett's disillusionment with strikebreaking gave his fiction its moral ambiguity and stripped-down, behavioral prose.

Tuberculosis contracted after the 1918 flu forced him into isolation, unable to live with his own family, and that trauma shaped the alienation running through his work. He created Sam Spade and the Continental Op, wrote The Maltese Falcon and The Thin Man, then abruptly stopped writing fiction and turned to radical politics, ultimately serving prison time.

• He left high school at 13 to work after his father's health failed.
• He was sent to Butte, Montana, during violent copper miners' stri ...