What happens to humanity after God dies? Over a century ago, Friedrich Nietzsche and Fyodor Dostoevsky stood at the same historical crossroads—and saw the same crisis coming. Meaning was collapsing. Faith was eroding. Moral certainty was dissolving.

But they gave radically different answers to the same terrifying question.

Nietzsche believed humanity would have to become strong enough to create its own meaning—to rise beyond good and evil through power, will, and self-overcoming. Dostoevsky believed that without transcendent meaning, humans wouldn’t rise at all—they would fracture, justify cruelty, and destroy one another in the name of ideology.

In this long-form episode of Philosophy for Better Humans, Joey Caster walks you through: ...