For decades, research involving primates has played a pivotal role in advancing modern medicine—but today, that work is facing unprecedented political and ethical scrutiny. In this episode, we explore the growing debate surrounding animal experimentation, focusing on the Oregon National Primate Research Center and the broader questions it raises about the future of biomedical science. We examine why many researchers argue that studies involving non-human primates remain essential for understanding complex diseases and developing new treatments, while an unusual coalition of political voices is calling for these facilities to be defunded or closed. We also consider the promise and limitations of emerging alternatives such as artificial intelligence, organoids, and other laboratory technologies, asking whether they are ready to replace animal resea ...