🧪 DIABETES MELLITUS (DM)

Patho: • T1DM: Autoimmune β-cell loss → absolute insulin ↓ → ketosis prone. • T2DM: Insulin resistance + relative insulin ↓; ketosis rare (stress/infection). • Prediabetes: IFG 100–125; IGT 140–199 (OGTT).

Meds (need-to-know): • Insulin: Rapid lispro/aspart (≤15 min pre-meal); regular (30–45 min pre-meal); long-acting glargine/detemir/degludec (don’t mix). • Metformin: 1st-line T2DM; hold 24–48h pre & ≥48h post iodinated contrast. • SUs: glipi/glyburide/glime—hypoglycemia; take 30 min before meals. • SGLT2i: empa/dapa/cana—UTI/genital infections; hydrate after dose.

Acute priorities: • Hypog ...