Modern science, despite its technological triumphs, faces an "ontological crisis" marked by fundamental explanatory gaps regarding the nature of consciousness, the composition of the universe (dark matter/energy), and the origin of life. Ancient scientific frameworks—such as Vedic Sankhya, Stoicism, and Ayurveda—offer a "consciousness-first" ontology that may resolve these anomalies by integrating matter with meaning.

The Hard Problem of Consciousness Materialist reductionism struggles to explain how subjective experience (qualia) emerges from physical neural processes—a dilemma known as the "Hard Problem". Vedic Sankhya philosophy addresses this by positing two co-existing, eternal realities: Puruṣa (pure consciousness) and Prakṛti (primordial nature/matter). In this view, consciousness is a fundamental principle ...