This episode explores advanced methods for recording and analyzing EEG responses evoked by transcranial magnetic stimulation, with a focus on TMS-evoked potentials, or TEPs. Drawing on recent research by Zrenner and Ziemann (2024), Beck et al. (2024), Casarotto et al. (2022), Kabir et al. (2024), and Vasileiadi et al. (2026), the episode examines how scientists are improving the precision, reliability, and physiological interpretation of brain stimulation measurements.

The discussion highlights a major shift from traditional open-loop stimulation protocols toward state-dependent and closed-loop approaches, where TMS pulses are timed according to the brain’s ongoing electrophysiological activity. It covers real-time EEG-informed stimulation, immediate TEPs occurring within the first milliseconds after a pulse, real-time artifact monitoring,  ...