Explore how water, grain, labor, temples, households, and written records helped hold early Mesopotamian cities together. Ur and Nippur reveal not a single urban blueprint, but a demanding network of maintenance, obligation, exchange, and administration. Inside this episode: - Canals and the work of maintaining water - Households, institutions, and grain - Clay tablets as working records - How early cities coordinated people and resources Sources include the Penn Museum and its research and collections on Mesopotamian city life, early urbanism, Ur, Nippur, and cuneiform records. This episode is a researched narrative summary. Historical records may be incomplete, translated differently, or interpreted differently by scholars. We distinguish documented facts, estimates, disputed interpretations, and later stories where material. Corrections are l ...