Athenagoras dismantles pagan theology by turning its own sources against it—showing that even Plato and Thales do not truly support the idea that idols are gods, but instead point toward a hierarchy of beings and ultimately toward one uncreated God; he argues that whatever power seems to come from idols is not divine, but the work of lesser spiritual beings, some of whom have fallen, introducing a worldview where angels govern creation under God while others rebel and corrupt it; alongside this, Augustine of Hippo presses the case against astrology by exposing its inconsistency—even identical births produce radically different lives—showing that its occasional accuracy is chance, not art, and that God alone governs outcomes; and Thomas Aquinas brings philosophical clarity by grounding human limitation in creation itself, arguing that the soul can ...