The Shepherd of Hermas wrestles with the painful reality of adultery and the call to chastity, urging believers to holiness and repentance. Augustine shows us the spiritual judgment that man exercises, not as a judge of God’s Word, but as one discerning all things by the Spirit (1 Corinthians 2:15). Aquinas then considers whether anything can be the object of universal hatred, probing how evil corrupts love and divides the will of man (Psalm 34:21).

Readings: The Shepherd of Hermas, Commandment 4 Augustine, The Confessions, Book 11, Chapter 23 (Section 33) Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica, Part 1–2, Question 29, Article 6

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