Sarcopenia and frailty are highly prevalent, overlapping geriatric syndromes that significantly impact the health and independence of older adults. Sarcopenia is defined as the progressive, age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass, strength, and physical function. Frailty is a broader state of multi-system impairment that leads to a decreased physiological reserve and increased vulnerability to stressors. Both conditions are associated with severe adverse outcomes, including an increased risk of falls, physical disability, cognitive decline, prolonged hospitalizations, and premature mortality.

Key Pathophysiological Mechanisms The development of sarcopenia and frailty is driven by interconnected biological hallmarks of aging. The primary mechanisms include:

• Mitochondrial Dysfunction & Oxidative Stress: Impaired mitochondrial  ...