PubReading

di Mando Mourad

Stagione 3

PubReading [327] - DNA storage in thermoresponsive microcapsules for repeated random multiplexed data access - B. Bögels, T. de Greef et al.

DNA has emerged as an attractive medium for archival data storage due to its durability and high information density. Scalable parallel random access to information is a desirable property of any storage system. For DNA-based storage systems, however, this still needs to be robustly established. Here we report on a thermoconfined polymerase chain reaction, which enables multiplexed, repeated random access to compartmentalized DNA files. The strategy is based on localizing biotin-functionalized oligonucleotides inside thermoresponsive, semipermeable microcapsules. At low temperatures, microcapsules are permeable to enzymes, primers and amplified products, whereas at high temperatures, membrane collapse prevents molecular crosstalk during amplification. Our data show that the platform outperforms non-compartmentalized DNA storage compared with repeated random access and reduces amplification bias tenfold during multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Using fluorescent sorting, we also demonstrate sample pooling and data retrieval by microcapsule barcoding. Therefore, the thermoresponsive microcapsule technology offers a scalable, sequence-agnostic approach for repeated random access to archival DNA files.https://doi.org/10.1038/s41565-023-01377-4 - 2023

S3 · E296

17 mag 2023

41:41

PubReading [346] - Transparency Is the Key to Quality - A. Fosang & R. Colbran

A workshop held last June by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director’s Office, Nature Publishing Group, and Science focused on the role that journals play in supporting scientific research that is reproducible, robust, and transparent. The “Principles and Guidelines for Reporting Preclinical Research” that emerged from the workshop have since been endorsed by nearly 80 societies, journals, and associations.VOL.290,NO.50,pp.29692–29694 - 2015

S3 · E32

3 lug 2023

13:40

PubReading [343] - The changing career trajectories of new parents in STEM - E. Cech & M. Blair-Loy

The gender imbalance in science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) fields has remained constant for decades and increases the farther up the STEM career pipeline one looks. Why does the underrepresentation of women endure? This study investigated the role of parenthood as a mechanism of gender-differentiated attrition from STEM employment. Using a nationally representative 8-year longitudinal sample of US STEM professionals, we examined the career trajectories of new parents after the birth or adoption of their first child. We found substantial attrition of new mothers: 43% of women leave full-time STEM employment after their first child. New mothers are more likely than new fathers to leave STEM, to switch to part-time work, and to exit the labor force. These gender differences hold irrespective of variation by discipline, race, and other demographic factors. However, parenthood is not just a “mother’s problem”; 23% of new fathers also leave STEM after their first child. Suggesting the difficulty of combining STEM work with caregiving responsibilities generally, new parents are more likely to leave full-time STEM jobs than otherwise similar childless peers and even new parents who remain employed full time are more likely than their childless peers to exit STEM for work elsewhere. These results have implications for policymakers and STEM workforce scholars; whereas parenthood is an important mechanism of women’s attrition, both women and men leave at surprisingly high rates after having children. Given that most people become parents during their working lives, STEM fields must do more to retain professionals with children.doi/10.1073/pnas.1810862116 - 2019

S3 · E31

26 giu 2023

28:43

PubReading [340] - The application of human tissue for drug discovery and development - M. Clotworthy

Human tissues are invaluable resources for pharmaceutical research. They provide information about disease pathophysiology - and equally importantly, healthy function; confirmation (or refutation) of potential drug targets; validation (or otherwise) of other models employed; and functional models for assessing drugs’ effects, whether beneficial or undesirable, in the most appropriate environment that can be replicated outside the human body. While human tissues have long been prized by pathologists in furthering our under- standing of disease processes, there is a growing appreciation of their value at the late pre-clinical stage of drug discovery. Human tissues’ potential to contribute to earlier phases of the process, before significant resources have been expended, is also now gaining recognition. Mounting concern over high rates of clinical stage drug failures mandates exploration of avenues for improving efficiency. Human tissue-based assays could play a key role in improving the translation process, as well as in moving towards stratified or personalised medicines. This editorial highlights some of the potential benefits of introducing human biosamples at each stage of the research process as a drug moves from concept to clinic. Some of the challenges with respect to obtaining tissues, minimising variability and gaining acceptance are also discussed.https://doi.org/10.1517/17460441.2012.689282 - 2012

S3 · E30

19 giu 2023

23:32

PubReading [334] - Open science challenges, benefits and tips in early career and beyond - C. Allen & D. Mehler

The movement towards open science is a consequence of seemingly pervasive failures to replicate previous research. This transition comes with great benefits but also significant challenges that are likely to affect those who carry out the research, usually early career researchers (ECRs). Here, we describe key benefits, including reputational gains, increased chances of publication, and a broader increase in the reliability of research. The increased chances of publication are supported by exploratory analyses indicating null findings are substantially more likely to be published via open registered reports in comparison to more conventional methods. These benefits are balanced by challenges that we have encountered and that involve increased costs in terms of flexibility, time, and issues with the current incentive structure, all of which seem to affect ECRs acutely. Although there are major obstacles to the early adoption of open science, overall open science practices should benefit both the ECR and improve the quality of research. We review 3 benefits and 3 challenges and provide suggestions from the perspective of ECRs for moving towards open science practices, which we believe scientists and institutions at all levels would do well to consider.https:// doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.3000246 - 2019

S3 · E28

5 giu 2023

49:15

PubReading [331] - Addressing Isolation in the Scientific Community - D. Tomasello

In STEM, and particularly in science, many early career researchers find themselves isolated and lacking guidance. There is an enormous need to connect early career scientists with experienced professionals outside their immediate work environment. A new initiative aims to create a supportive community to foster communication between scientists through all stages of their career.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2019.08.007 - 2019

S3 · E27

29 mag 2023

9:35

PubReading [328] - Reflections on scientific collaboration between basic researchers and clinicians - J. Muia & C. Casari

Early career researchers face uncertainties with respect to their job prospects due to dwindling job markets, decreased availability of funding and undefined career paths. As basic researchers and clinicians tend to have different approaches to scientific problems, there are many advantages from successful collaborations between them. Here, we discuss how collaborations between basic and clinical scientists should be promoted early in their careers. To achieve this, researchers, both basic and clinical, must be proactive during their training and early stages of their careers. Mentors can further augment collaborative links in many ways. We suggest that universities and institutions might reassess their involvement in promoting collaborations between basic and clinical researchers. We hope that this paper will serve as a reminder of the importance of such collaborations, and provide the opportunity for all members of the scientific community to reflect on and ame- liorate their own contributions.DOI: 10.1111/jth.13447 - 2016

S3 · E26

22 mag 2023

14:30

PubReading [325] - The Costs of Reproducibility - R. Poldrack

Improving the reproducibility of neuroscience research is of great concern, especially to early-career researchers (ECRs). Here I outline the potential costs for ECRs in adopting practices to improve reproducibility. I highlight the ways in which ECRs can achieve their career goals while doing better science and the need for established researchers to support them in these efforts.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2018.11.030 - 2019

S3 · E21

15 mag 2023

24:11

PubReading [323] - Factors that influence PhD candidates’ success: the importance of PhD project characteristics - E. van Rooij, M. Fokkens-Bruinsma & E. Jansen

High dropout rates, delay, and dissatisfaction among PhD students are common problems in doctoral education. Research shows that many different factors are associated with doctoral success, but these factors have not often been studied simultaneously. Moreover, characteristics of the PhD project are mostly neglected. In this study, we investigate which supervision, psychosocial, and project characteristics are related to satisfaction, progress, and quit intentions in a sample of 839 PhD candidates at a university in the Netherlands. Results of regression analyses show that experienced workload was negatively related to satisfaction and progress and positively to quit intentions. The quality of the supervisor-PhD candidate relationship, the PhD candidate’s sense of belonging, the amount of freedom in the project, and working on a project closely related to the supervisor’s research were positively related to satisfaction and negatively to quit intentions. The high workload of PhD candidates should be a major point of attention for universities who wish to increase their rates of PhD completion and PhD candidates’ satisfaction. In addition, the ‘match’ between PhD candidate and supervisor is crucial, both personally – a good relationship – and academically, i.e. that the PhD candidate works on a topic closely related to the supervisor’s research.https://doi.org/10.1080/0158037X.2019.1652158 -2021

S3 · E20

8 mag 2023

42:26

PubReading [320] - Deep Neural Networks as Scientific Models - R. Cichy and D. Kaiser

Artificial deep neural networks (DNNs) initially inspired by the brain enable computers to solve cognitive tasks at which humans excel. In the absence of explanations for such cognitive phenomena, in turn cognitive scientists have started using DNNs as models to investigate biological cognition and its neural basis, creating heated debate. Here, we reflect on the case from the perspective of philosophy of science. After putting DNNs as scientific models into context, we discuss how DNNs can fruitfully contribute to cognitive science. We claim that beyond their power to provide predictions and explanations of cognitive phenomena, DNNs have the potential to contribute to an often overlooked but ubiquitous and fundamental use of scientific models: exploration.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tics.2019.01.009 - 2019

S3 · E20

1 mag 2023

36:10

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