Ralph Waldo Emerson preached self-reliance, radical individualism, and a transcendent optimism that shaped American culture more profoundly than any other philosopher. What most people do not know is that this optimism was forged in devastating personal loss — his first wife died of tuberculosis at twenty, he opened her coffin to look at her decomposing body, and the death of his five-year-old son nearly destroyed him. Emerson's optimism was not naive; it was earned through grief.

This episode traces Emerson from the early deaths that shaped him through the break with organized religion, the Transcendentalist movement, and the philosophy of self-reliance that became America's unofficial national creed.

• The death of his first wife Ellen, the coffin opening, and the crisis that drove him from the ministry
• The "American Scho ...