The provided text is an extensive excerpt from a Wikipedia article about Paris, offering a comprehensive overview of the French capital. It details the city's history, from its origins with the Parisii people through the Middle Ages, significant periods like the Enlightenment and the Haussmann renovations, and into the 20th and 21st centuries. Furthermore, the source covers Paris's geography, administration, and modern infrastructure, including its transportation networks and urban planning like the Grand Paris project. Finally, the text explores the city's multifaceted culture and economy, highlighting its status as a global hub for the arts, fashion, finance, and international organizations.