What is the menstrual cycle — and what is considered normal?

The menstrual cycle is a hormonally regulated process that prepares the uterus for pregnancy each month. In this episode, we explain the phases of the menstrual cycle, what influences cycle length, and when medical assessment may be needed in Europe.

You’ll learn:

• The four phases: menstrual, follicular, ovulation, and luteal

• The role of hormones including oestrogen, progesterone, FSH, and LH

• What is considered a normal cycle length (typically 21–35 days in adults)

• Common symptoms: cramping, breast tenderness, mood changes, and discharge variations

• Causes of irregular periods, including stress, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), thyroid disorders, and perimenopause

• When blood tests, ultrasound, or hormonal ev ...