The North American downstream energy sector is currently navigating an era defined by extreme geopolitical volatility, shifting regulatory frameworks, and profound macroeconomic transitions. As one of the largest pure-play independent petroleum refiners in the United States, PBF Energy Inc. (NYSE: PBF) operates at the epicenter of these crosscurrents.1 With a geographically diverse footprint spanning six refineries located in California, Delaware, Louisiana, New Jersey, and Ohio, the company boasts a combined throughput capacity of approximately 1.0 million barrels per day.1 PBF Energy is uniquely positioned within the industry due to its highly complex asset base, characterized by a weighted-average Nelson Complexity Index of 12.8, which allows the firm to process heavily discounted, low-quality crude oils into high-value refined products such a ...