STAT Stitch Deep Dive Podcast Beyond The Bedside

STAT Stitch Deep Dive Podcast Beyond The Bedside

por Regular Guy
CursosCiencias de la Vida
Temporada 5

OB | Female Reproductive Alterations

IA
https://statstitch.etsy.com Breast Alterations: Benign breast diseases (BBD) account for 90% of clinical visits, including fibrocystic disease (FCD) and fibroadenomas. FCD features cyclical tenderness linked to hormones, while fibroadenomas are common solid masses. Breast infections like mastitis present with erythema and fever, requiring antibiotics. Conversely, breast cancers present as painless, irregular masses and are linked to genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2. Diagnosis relies on mammography, ultrasound, and biopsies. Uterine & Vaginal Alterations: Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) involves the descent of pelvic organs (bladder/cystocele, rectum/rectocele, or uterus) into the vagina. First-line treatments include pelvic floor physical therapy and vaginal pessaries. Benign anomalies include ovarian cysts, endometrial polyps, and leiomyomas (fibroids), causing pelvic pain and bleeding. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent metabolic disorder causing insulin resistance and ovulatory dysfunction. Gynecological cancers primarily affect the endometrium (most common), ovaries (highest mortality), and cervix (strongly linked to HPV). Menstrual Alterations: Key disruptions include amenorrhea (absence of menses), dysmenorrhea (severe cramping managed with NSAIDs and contraceptives), and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB). Endometriosis, where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causes extreme pain and infertility. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe luteal phase mood disorder. The transition to menopause involves a sharp drop in estrogen, presenting with hot flashes and bone density loss, sometimes managed with hormone replacement therapy. Infertility: Infertility affects all genders. Male infertility is predominantly caused by spermatogenesis defects. Female infertility stems from ovarian dysfunction, fallopian tube obstruction, or uterine anomalies. Treatments range from ovulation induction (clomiphene citrate, letrozole) to Assisted Reproductive Technology like In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Intrauterine Insemination (IUI). A life-threatening complication of induction is Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). Alternative family-building options include surrogacy or adoption. Reproductive Infections: Bacterial STIs (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis) are curable with antibiotics, but if untreated, can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), leading to tubal scarring and infertility. Viral infections (HIV, HSV, HPV) are chronic; notably, the HPV vaccine prevents cervical cancer. Protozoal/fungal infections like trichomoniasis and candidiasis require targeted antimicrobial therapy. TORCH infections (Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, HSV) cross the placenta, causing severe congenital fetal defects.
T5
15 abr 2026
27:25

OB | PRIMER Newborn Adaptations

IA
https://statstitch.etsy.com The transition to extrauterine life requires rapid biological and behavioral adaptations. Respiratory and cardiovascular changes are paramount; fluid must clear from the lungs, surfactant is needed for alveolar expansion, and fetal shunts (ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, ductus venosus) must close to establish neonatal circulation. Thermoregulation is a critical challenge because newborns cannot shiver; they rely on metabolizing brown adipose tissue to prevent rapid heat loss via evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation. Hepatic and renal systems are immature, risking physiological jaundice, weight loss, and prolonged medication effects. Behaviorally, newborns transition through sleep-wake states and communicate primarily through crying. Early neurodevelopment is evidenced by primitive reflexes such as rooting, sucking, Moro, and Babinski. The Apgar score is assessed at 1 and 5 minutes to evaluate heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Vital signs are closely monitored, with expected heart rates of 110-160/min and respirations of 30-60/min. Measurements for weight, length, and head/chest circumference help classify the infant for gestational age. The New Ballard score determines gestational age through neuromuscular and physical maturity markers. A comprehensive head-to-toe assessment identifies expected findings—like acrocyanosis, vernix caseosa, and slate grey nevus—and unexpected anomalies like developmental hip dysplasia. Nurses play a vital role in ensuring a safe extrauterine transition. Prophylactic medications include Vitamin K injections to prevent hemorrhagic disease due to immature clotting factors, and erythromycin ophthalmic ointment to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum. Immunizations for Hepatitis B and RSV are administered early based on maternal status and seasonality. Nutrition is heavily emphasized, with exclusive breastfeeding recommended for the first six months. Initial colostrum provides critical immunoglobulins, though formula feeding is safely supported under the "Fed is Best" initiative. Universal newborn screening is performed via heel stick at 24-48 hours to detect metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism. Additional essential screenings include hearing tests and pulse oximetry for critical congenital heart defects. Routine care encompasses dry umbilical cord care and managing procedural pain utilizing the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) alongside interventions like swaddling and skin-to-skin contact. Safety protocols are strict: infant abductions are prevented via matching identification bands, and parents are educated on Safe Sleep environments (back-to-sleep) and the dangers of Shaken Baby Syndrome.
T5
16 abr 2026
23:46

OB | Newborn Adaptations FULL

IA
https://statstitch.etsy.com The transition to extrauterine life requires rapid biological and behavioral adaptations. Respiratory and cardiovascular changes are paramount; fluid must clear from the lungs, surfactant is needed for alveolar expansion, and fetal shunts (ductus arteriosus, foramen ovale, ductus venosus) must close to establish neonatal circulation. Thermoregulation is a critical challenge because newborns cannot shiver; they rely on metabolizing brown adipose tissue to prevent rapid heat loss via evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation. Hepatic and renal systems are immature, risking physiological jaundice, weight loss, and prolonged medication effects. Behaviorally, newborns transition through sleep-wake states and communicate primarily through crying. Early neurodevelopment is evidenced by primitive reflexes such as rooting, sucking, Moro, and Babinski. The Apgar score is assessed at 1 and 5 minutes to evaluate heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex irritability, and color. Vital signs are closely monitored, with expected heart rates of 110-160/min and respirations of 30-60/min. Measurements for weight, length, and head/chest circumference help classify the infant for gestational age. The New Ballard score determines gestational age through neuromuscular and physical maturity markers. A comprehensive head-to-toe assessment identifies expected findings—like acrocyanosis, vernix caseosa, and slate grey nevus—and unexpected anomalies like developmental hip dysplasia. Nurses play a vital role in ensuring a safe extrauterine transition. Prophylactic medications include Vitamin K injections to prevent hemorrhagic disease due to immature clotting factors, and erythromycin ophthalmic ointment to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum. Immunizations for Hepatitis B and RSV are administered early based on maternal status and seasonality. Nutrition is heavily emphasized, with exclusive breastfeeding recommended for the first six months. Initial colostrum provides critical immunoglobulins, though formula feeding is safely supported under the "Fed is Best" initiative. Universal newborn screening is performed via heel stick at 24-48 hours to detect metabolic disorders like phenylketonuria and congenital hypothyroidism. Additional essential screenings include hearing tests and pulse oximetry for critical congenital heart defects. Routine care encompasses dry umbilical cord care and managing procedural pain utilizing the Neonatal Infant Pain Scale (NIPS) alongside interventions like swaddling and skin-to-skin contact. Safety protocols are strict: infant abductions are prevented via matching identification bands, and parents are educated on Safe Sleep environments (back-to-sleep) and the dangers of Shaken Baby Syndrome.
T5
16 abr 2026
51:41

OB | PRIMER Newborn Complications

IA
https://statstitch.etsy.com High-Yield Newborn Complications & Nursing Management Mastering newborn complications and congenital anomalies is essential for high-yield OB nursing and passing comprehensive NCLEX review exams. This 80/20 summary highlights the highest priority nursing management strategies and continuous newborn assessment skills required for the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). 1. Respiratory Complications Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): Caused by a lack of surfactant in preterm infants, causing atelectasis and severe hypoxia. Nursing Actions: Administer exogenous surfactant, monitor oxygenation carefully (titrate to 90-95%), and provide respiratory support. Maternal betamethasone accelerates fetal lung maturity. Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN): Delayed clearance of fetal lung fluid, commonly following cesarean birth. Resolves within 24-72 hours. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS): Fetal hypoxia triggers meconium passage, obstructing the airway at birth. Management: Inhaled nitric oxide, surfactant, and ventilation. 2. Gastrointestinal & Abdominal Wall Defects Esophageal Atresia/Tracheoesophageal Fistula (EA/TEF): The esophagus ends in a blind pouch. Key Signs: Choking, cyanosis, and excessive drooling. Priority: Keep the newborn NPO, elevate the head to 45°, and place a Replogle tube to continuous suction to prevent drowning in secretions. Omphalocele vs. Gastroschisis: Omphaloceles feature organs herniating centrally inside a protective membranous sac. Gastroschisis features exposed bowel to the right of the umbilicus with no sac. Actions: Immediately cover defects with a sterile bowel bag to prevent heat loss, insert a gastric tube, and maintain strict thermoregulation. 3. Hemolytic Disorders & Hyperbilirubinemia Blood Incompatibility: Maternal antibodies attack fetal RBCs, leading to hemolytic anemia and jaundice. Pathological jaundice appears within the first 24 hours, while physiological jaundice presents after 24 hours. Hyperbilirubinemia Treatment: Severe bilirubin levels cross the blood-brain barrier, risking kernicterus (permanent brain damage). Promote frequent feeding, initiate intensive phototherapy (undressed, eye protection), and closely monitor serum levels. 4. Maternal Conditions & Neonatal Syndromes Diabetic Mothers: High maternal glucose drives fetal insulin overproduction, resulting in profound postnatal hypoglycemia, macrosomia, and RDS. Priority: Initiate early feeding and frequent glucose screening. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS): Newborn withdrawal from maternal opioids. Signs: High-pitched cry, hypertonia, tremors, and poor feeding. Utilize the Eat, Sleep, and Console (ESC) model (low stimulation, swaddling, rooming-in) before administering pharmacological treatments like morphine. Neonatal Sepsis: Signs: Temperature instability, lethargy, and apnea. Obtain blood cultures and administer broad-spectrum antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin. 5. Neuromuscular & Cardiac Anomalies Neural Tube Defects (Spina Bifida): Incomplete spinal closure. Keep the newborn prone and cover the defect with a warm, moist, sterile saline dressing.
T5
16 abr 2026
25:24

OB | Newborn Complications

IA
https://statstitch.etsy.com High-Yield Newborn Complications & Nursing Management Mastering newborn complications and congenital anomalies is essential for high-yield OB nursing and passing comprehensive NCLEX review exams. This 80/20 summary highlights the highest priority nursing management strategies and continuous newborn assessment skills required for the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). 1. Respiratory Complications Respiratory Distress Syndrome (RDS): Caused by a lack of surfactant in preterm infants, causing atelectasis and severe hypoxia. Nursing Actions: Administer exogenous surfactant, monitor oxygenation carefully (titrate to 90-95%), and provide respiratory support. Maternal betamethasone accelerates fetal lung maturity. Transient Tachypnea of the Newborn (TTN): Delayed clearance of fetal lung fluid, commonly following cesarean birth. Resolves within 24-72 hours. Meconium Aspiration Syndrome (MAS): Fetal hypoxia triggers meconium passage, obstructing the airway at birth. Management: Inhaled nitric oxide, surfactant, and ventilation. 2. Gastrointestinal & Abdominal Wall Defects Esophageal Atresia/Tracheoesophageal Fistula (EA/TEF): The esophagus ends in a blind pouch. Key Signs: Choking, cyanosis, and excessive drooling. Priority: Keep the newborn NPO, elevate the head to 45°, and place a Replogle tube to continuous suction to prevent drowning in secretions. Omphalocele vs. Gastroschisis: Omphaloceles feature organs herniating centrally inside a protective membranous sac. Gastroschisis features exposed bowel to the right of the umbilicus with no sac. Actions: Immediately cover defects with a sterile bowel bag to prevent heat loss, insert a gastric tube, and maintain strict thermoregulation. 3. Hemolytic Disorders & Hyperbilirubinemia Blood Incompatibility: Maternal antibodies attack fetal RBCs, leading to hemolytic anemia and jaundice. Pathological jaundice appears within the first 24 hours, while physiological jaundice presents after 24 hours. Hyperbilirubinemia Treatment: Severe bilirubin levels cross the blood-brain barrier, risking kernicterus (permanent brain damage). Promote frequent feeding, initiate intensive phototherapy (undressed, eye protection), and closely monitor serum levels. 4. Maternal Conditions & Neonatal Syndromes Diabetic Mothers: High maternal glucose drives fetal insulin overproduction, resulting in profound postnatal hypoglycemia, macrosomia, and RDS. Priority: Initiate early feeding and frequent glucose screening. Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome (NAS): Newborn withdrawal from maternal opioids. Signs: High-pitched cry, hypertonia, tremors, and poor feeding. Utilize the Eat, Sleep, and Console (ESC) model (low stimulation, swaddling, rooming-in) before administering pharmacological treatments like morphine. Neonatal Sepsis: Signs: Temperature instability, lethargy, and apnea. Obtain blood cultures and administer broad-spectrum antibiotics like ampicillin and gentamicin. 5. Neuromuscular & Cardiac Anomalies Neural Tube Defects (Spina Bifida): Incomplete spinal closure. Keep the newborn prone and cover the defect with a warm, moist, sterile saline dressing.
T5
16 abr 2026
49:01

OB | Parent DC Teaching FULL

IA
https://statstitch.etsy.com Family Adaptation & Mental Health Maternal role attainment occurs in three phases: taking-in (focusing on birth), taking-hold (focusing on newborn care), and letting-go (integrating identities). Nurses facilitate bonding through skin-to-skin contact. Because 1 in 10 clients face perinatal depression, universal screening with validated tools (EPDS, PHQ-9) is mandatory. Parents must learn to distinguish temporary "baby blues" from postpartum depression, which requires professional treatment. Postpartum Recovery & Discharge Teaching Vaginal delivery recovery requires perineal care using a warm squirt bottle and peri pads to prevent infection. Cesarean clients must monitor incisions and avoid lifting objects heavier than the newborn for 6 to 8 weeks. Breast care depends on feeding choices: lactating clients can use lanolin for sore nipples; non-lactating clients must avoid nipple stimulation and use ice to suppress milk. Postpartum pain is managed with ibuprofen, while docusate prevents constipation. Clients must urgently report warning signs like soaking a pad in under an hour, severe headaches, visual changes, or fever. Contraception spacing of 18 months is advised; lactating clients must avoid estrogen initially to protect milk supply. Newborn Care Fundamentals Infants require sponge baths until the umbilical cord stump falls off naturally, usually within three weeks. The cord must remain clean and dry; report foul discharge or red skin. Circumcised penises are cleaned with warm water and covered in petroleum jelly to prevent diaper sticking; yellow exudate is a normal healing sign, but persistent redness indicates infection. Newborns feed 8 to 12 times daily. Parents verify adequate intake by monitoring output, expecting at least five to six wet diapers daily after five days of life. Newborn Safety, Thermoregulation & Nursing Process To prevent Sudden Unexpected Infant Death (SUID), infants must sleep on their backs on firm, flat surfaces without loose bedding. Room sharing is recommended for 6 months, but bed sharing is unsafe. Newborns lose heat rapidly via evaporation, conduction, convection, and radiation. Proper thermoregulation requires immediate drying after baths and avoiding overdressing. Swaddling provides comfort but must remain loose around the hips to prevent dysplasia and must cease once the infant can roll over. Parents must urgently contact a provider for fevers over 38°C (100.4°F), feeding refusal, or jaundice. Throughout discharge teaching, nurses prioritize individual needs and use the teach-back method to confirm caregiver confidence before discharge
T5
29 abr 2026
56:47

OB | Reproductive Health Alterations FULL

IA
https://statstitch.etsy.com Breast Alterations: Benign breast diseases (BBD) account for 90% of clinical visits, including fibrocystic disease (FCD) and fibroadenomas. FCD features cyclical tenderness linked to hormones, while fibroadenomas are common solid masses. Breast infections like mastitis present with erythema and fever, requiring antibiotics. Conversely, breast cancers present as painless, irregular masses and are linked to genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2. Diagnosis relies on mammography, ultrasound, and biopsies. Uterine & Vaginal Alterations: Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP) involves the descent of pelvic organs (bladder/cystocele, rectum/rectocele, or uterus) into the vagina. First-line treatments include pelvic floor physical therapy and vaginal pessaries. Benign anomalies include ovarian cysts, endometrial polyps, and leiomyomas (fibroids), causing pelvic pain and bleeding. Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent metabolic disorder causing insulin resistance and ovulatory dysfunction. Gynecological cancers primarily affect the endometrium (most common), ovaries (highest mortality), and cervix (strongly linked to HPV). Menstrual Alterations: Key disruptions include amenorrhea (absence of menses), dysmenorrhea (severe cramping managed with NSAIDs and contraceptives), and Abnormal Uterine Bleeding (AUB). Endometriosis, where endometrial tissue grows outside the uterus, causes extreme pain and infertility. Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD) is a severe luteal phase mood disorder. The transition to menopause involves a sharp drop in estrogen, presenting with hot flashes and bone density loss, sometimes managed with hormone replacement therapy. Infertility: Infertility affects all genders. Male infertility is predominantly caused by spermatogenesis defects. Female infertility stems from ovarian dysfunction, fallopian tube obstruction, or uterine anomalies. Treatments range from ovulation induction (clomiphene citrate, letrozole) to Assisted Reproductive Technology like In Vitro Fertilization (IVF) and Intrauterine Insemination (IUI). A life-threatening complication of induction is Ovarian Hyperstimulation Syndrome (OHSS). Alternative family-building options include surrogacy or adoption. Reproductive Infections: Bacterial STIs (Chlamydia, Gonorrhea, Syphilis) are curable with antibiotics, but if untreated, can cause Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID), leading to tubal scarring and infertility. Viral infections (HIV, HSV, HPV) are chronic; notably, the HPV vaccine prevents cervical cancer. Protozoal/fungal infections like trichomoniasis and candidiasis require targeted antimicrobial therapy. TORCH infections (Toxoplasmosis, Rubella, CMV, HSV) cross the placenta, causing severe congenital fetal defects.
T5
29 abr 2026
1:04:11

OB | Diagnostic Testing & Screenings

IA
https://statstitch.etsy.com Ultrasound (Abdominal, Transvaginal, and Doppler) When they are performed: Transvaginal ultrasounds are especially useful in the first trimester (or in the third trimester to evaluate preterm labor), as they do not require a full bladder. Abdominal ultrasounds are more useful after the first trimester when the uterus is larger. What they screen for: Ultrasounds confirm pregnancy, determine gestational age, identify multifetal pregnancies, evaluate fetal growth and position, and check for fetal viability or abnormalities. They also assess maternal structures and amniotic fluid volume. A Doppler ultrasound specifically measures maternal-fetal blood flow. Additionally, an ultrasound assessing nuchal translucency between 11 and 13 weeks of gestation can suggest the presence of Down syndrome (trisomy 21) if increased thickness is found. Biophysical Profile (BPP) When it is performed: Typically used when a nonstress test is nonreactive or if hypoxia is suspected. What it screens for: It assesses overall fetal well-being and the risk of chronic fetal asphyxia by combining a nonstress test with an ultrasound to score five variables: fetal heart rate (FHR), fetal breathing movements, gross body movements, fetal tone, and amniotic fluid volume. Nonstress Test (NST) When it is performed: Used widely during the third trimester. For clients with diabetes mellitus, it is performed twice a week starting at 28 to 32 weeks of gestation. What it screens for: Assesses for an intact fetal central nervous system (CNS) by monitoring how the fetal heart rate responds to fetal movement. It helps rule out the risk of fetal death. Contraction Stress Test (CST) When it is performed: Indicated for high-risk pregnancies or when a nonstress test result is nonreactive. What it screens for: Evaluates how the fetus will tolerate the stress of labor contractions. It checks for uteroplacental insufficiency (which causes late decelerations) and umbilical cord compression (which causes variable decelerations). Amniocentesis When it is performed: May be performed after 14 weeks of gestation. To measure alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), it is ideally done between 16 to 18 weeks. For testing fetal lung maturity, it is done if gestation is less than 37 weeks. What it screens for: Early in pregnancy, it assesses for chromosomal disorders or neural tube defects. High AFP levels indicate neural tube defects (like spina bifida), while low levels indicate chromosomal disorders (like Down syndrome). Later in pregnancy, amniotic fluid is tested to determine fetal lung maturity (by measuring the L/S ratio) or fetal hemolytic disease,. Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) When it is performed: Ideally performed at 10 to 13 weeks of gestation. What it screens for: Acts as a first-trimester alternative to amniocentesis to assess the risk for genetic chromosomal abnormalities.
T5
4 may 2026
1:02:02

OB | Intro (No Educational Content)

https://statstitch.etsy.com This is an intro to Mom/Baby or OB. No educational content on this episode.
T5 · E1
19 mar 2026
6:07

OB | A&P Changes, Genetics, and More

IA
https://statstitch.etsy.com Strategies for mitigating common discomforts throughout each trimester. Overall, the material serves as a professional guide for optimizing maternal-fetal health through education, early intervention, and patient-centered nursing care. What are the danger signs to report during each trimester? How do placenta previa and abruptio placentae differ in symptoms? Explain the importance of preconception care for a healthy pregnancy. Today • 6:27 PM create me a strict 3000 character 80/20 summary of the material. Here is an 80/20 summary of the maternal-newborn nursing material, distilling the critical physiological changes, assessments, and high-risk complications yielding the greatest clinical understanding. 1. Normal Pregnancy & Adaptations Pregnancy signs are Presumptive (subjective: amenorrhea, nausea), Probable (objective: positive hCG, Hegar’s/Chadwick’s signs), and Positive (fetal heart tones, ultrasound, provider-felt movement). Delivery date uses Naegele’s rule: subtract 3 months from LMP, add 7 days and 1 year. Blood volume and cardiac output increase by 30-50%, causing physiologic anemia and a hypercoagulable state. The uterus compresses the vena cava when supine, causing supine hypotensive syndrome; the left-lateral resting position restores cardiac output. 2. Prenatal Care & Fetal Assessment Visits occur every 4 weeks until 28 weeks, every 2 weeks until 36 weeks, and weekly until birth. Fundal height in centimeters equals weeks of gestation between 18 and 32 weeks. Vital screenings: 16-18 wks: Alpha-fetoprotein (MSAFP). High suggests neural tube defects; low suggests Down syndrome. 24-28 wks: 1-hour glucose tolerance test for gestational diabetes. 35-37 wks: Group B Streptococcus (GBS) culture. Positives require intrapartum IV penicillin. Well-being: Nonstress Test (NST) evaluates heart rate accelerations (reactive is reassuring). Biophysical Profile (BPP) evaluates fetal breathing, movement, tone, fluid volume, and NST (8-10 is normal). 3. Bleeding Complications Early: Ectopic pregnancy presents with unilateral stabbing pelvic pain and bleeding. Gestational Trophoblastic Disease (molar pregnancy) presents with prune-juice bleeding, extreme nausea, and rapid uterine growth. Late: Placenta Previa causes painless, bright red bleeding; vaginal exams are strictly contraindicated. Abruptio Placentae is premature separation, marked by painful, dark red bleeding and a board-like abdomen. 4. Medical Conditions & Preterm Labor Preeclampsia: Hypertension with proteinuria, severe headache, and visual changes. Magnesium sulfate prevents seizures. Toxicity signs include absent deep tendon reflexes, respiratory depression, and oliguria. The antidote is calcium gluconate. Preterm Labor: Contractions and cervical changes between 20-37 weeks. Tocolytics (Nifedipine) suppress contractions, while Betamethasone accelerates fetal lung maturity and surfactant production. Hyperemesis Gravidarum: Intractable vomiting causing weight loss, dehydration, electrolyte imbalances, and ketonuria. 5. Infections TORCH infections (Toxoplasmosis, Other, Rubella, CMV, HSV) cross the placenta causing severe anomalies. Clients with HIV require antiretroviral therapy; invasive procedures (like amniocentesis) and breastfeeding must be avoided to prevent transmission to the newborn
T5 · E2
19 mar 2026
1:01:38
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