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Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnancy Diabetes during pregnancy includes pregestational types (Type 1 and Type 2) and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM). GDM affects 5-9% of all pregnancies and is characterized by increased insulin resistance and beta cell dysfunction that typically develop in the second or third trimester due to pregnancy hormones like human placental lactogen (hPL). Key risk factors for GDM include a BMI > 25-30, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), family history of diabetes, previous GDM, and previously delivering a large for gestational age (LGA) infant over 9 pounds.

Clients may present with polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, and fatigue. Diagnostic screening  ...