Renal/urologic disorders involve infection, inflammation, obstruction, and immune-mediated damage to the urinary system. UTIs (cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis) occur when bacteria—mainly E. coli—enter the urinary tract. Risk factors include female anatomy, obstruction (BPH, stones), retention, catheter use, pregnancy, diabetes, and immunosuppression. Symptoms include dysuria, frequency, urgency, suprapubic pain, foul/cloudy urine, and hematuria. Older adults may only show confusion 🧠. Diagnosis uses UA + culture; treatment uses antibiotics like TMP-SMX, nitrofurantoin, fosfomycin. Teaching: hydration, wipe front-to-back, void after sex, complete antibiotics 🌊.

Pyelonephritis is infection of the renal parenchyma. Acute cases present with fever, chills ...