🟠 Cirrhosis

Patho: Hepatocyte loss → fibrotic nodules → portal HTN → varices/ascites; ↓ albumin & clotting factors; ↑ ammonia → hepatic encephalopathy (HE).

Meds: • Diuretics: spironolactone (K⁺-sparing), furosemide (K⁺-wasting) → track I&O, K⁺. • Ammonia ↓: lactulose (2–3 soft stools/day), rifaximin (↓ gut bacteria). • Varices: non-selective β-blockers (propranolol/nadolol) prevent bleed; octreotide acutely; vasopressin rescue. • Coags: vit K if PT/INR prolonged.

Watch for:

1. Variceal bleed (hematemesis/melena → shock).
2. HE grad ...