Catalysis is the process of increasing the rate of a chemical reaction by adding a substance, known as a catalyst, which is not consumed by the reaction itself. Catalysts function by providing an alternative reaction pathway with a lower activation energy, allowing molecular collisions to reach the transition state more easily,. They are classified into three primary categories:

• Heterogeneous: The catalyst and reactants exist in different phases (e.g., solid catalysts with gas or liquid reactants).

• Homogeneous: The catalyst and reactants are in the same phase.

• Biocatalysis: Utilizes natural proteins (enzymes) or nucleic acids to catalyze reactions with high selectivity and mild conditions,.

Industrial Significance ...