A surprising amount of what frustrates people about healthcare — the denials, the prior authorizations, the surprise bills — flows from a single hidden tension. In this episode, Dr. M. Ayoub Ashraf explains the relationship between payers and providers, and why two groups serving the same patients have historically been pulled in opposite directions.

He covers three things. First, the two different jobs — the payer stewarding a finite pool of money across a whole population (the one who has to say no on everyone's behalf), and the provider trained and paid to act for the individual in front of them — and why neither side is actually wrong. Second, where they collide: prior authorization, denials and appeals, and contract negotiations, plus the uncomfortable cost of the argument itself — by one Annals of Internal Medicine estimate, U.S. heal ...