The glymphatic system is a macroscopic waste clearance network that utilizes perivascular channels created by astroglial cells to eliminate neurotoxic metabolites, such as amyloid-β, from the central nervous system. Because the brain lacks traditional lymphatic vessels, it relies on the continuous exchange between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and interstitial fluid (ISF) to maintain homeostasis.

According to the primary framework, the system operates through three segments: periarterial influx of CSF, parenchymal exchange facilitated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels on astrocyte endfeet, and perivenous efflux of waste-laden fluid.

The mechanical energy for this clearance system is provided by the cardiovascular system, which acts as  ...