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Hypertensive disorders are a leading cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality worldwide. The underlying pathophysiology of these conditions stems from poor placental trophoblast invasion and inadequate uterine spiral artery remodeling during early pregnancy. This structural failure causes placental hypoxia, which triggers a systemic inflammatory cascade leading to widespread maternal endothelial dysfunction, vasoconstriction, and subsequent end-organ damage.

• Chronic Hypertension: Blood pressure (BP) greater than or equal to 140/90 mm Hg identified prior to 20 weeks of gestation.
• Gestational Hypertension: