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Fetal Development and Support Structures Gestation starts with fertilization, when a sperm and ovum form a zygote. The embryonic period (weeks 5–10) is a critical phase where all major body systems form, making the embryo highly susceptible to birth defects from teratogens like drugs, alcohol, or infections. The fetal period begins in week 11, focusing on organ maturation rather than formation. By 27 weeks, a preterm fetus achieves an approximate 94% survival rate.

Three primary structures support fetal life. Amniotic fluid cushions the fetus, prevents umbilical cord compression, and provides essential nutrients and antibacte ...