Where does truth reside—in the world, in human judgment, or in the grammar through which reality becomes intelligible to us?

Seminar 12 continues the Phronēsis Dilemma by slowing down over a question that had previously been assumed rather than explained: what does Aristotle mean when he calls practical wisdom truth-attaining?

Beginning with Aristotle’s Metaphysics, we trace the relation between logos, being, substance, form, and truth. Aristotle insists that thought does not create what makes it true: judgment is answerable to reality. But Wittgenstein introduces an important qualification. The reality may be independent of our verdict without arriving already equipped with the complete grammar of its own practical description. His discussion of pain becomes the model: suffering is real before language, yet the mature concept of pain ...