DNA data storage is an emerging technology that encodes digital information (binary 0s and 1s) into the sequence of the four nucleotide bases of DNA: Adenine (A), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G), and Thymine (T). This process mimics how nature stores genetic instructions, leveraging molecular structures to archive vast amounts of human knowledge.

The Data Storage Process The workflow consists of four primary steps:

1. Encoding: Translating digital bitstreams into a quaternary DNA sequence format. Error-correcting codes (such as Reed-Solomon) are applied during this phase to manage potential data loss or corruption.
2. Writing (Synthesis): Physically creating custom DNA strands using either traditional chemical methods (phosphoramidite chemistry) or newer, more efficient enzymatic synthesis.
3. Storage: Preserving the synthesized ...