Mathematical modeling of aging operates across biological, demographic, and operational scales to explain senescence, project population shifts, and optimize resource allocation.

Evolutionary and Biological Foundations The mathematical underpinnings of why organisms age are often framed by the Disposable Soma Theory. This theory posits an evolutionary trade-off where finite metabolic energy is allocated to reproduction rather than somatic maintenance. Since environmental hazards impose a "floor" on mortality, evolution does not select for indefinite repair, leading to the gradual accumulation of damage,. Empirical mortality patterns frequently follow the Gompertz-Makeham law, which models the force of mortality as the sum of an age-independent component (extrinsic risk) and a Gompertz funct ...