Chapter 8 outlines the Trade Union Educational League's theory that industrial unions develop through an evolutionary process progressing from craft union "isolation" to "federation" and finally to "amalgamation" (full industrial consolidation). The chapter critiques "dual unionism"—the practice of creating separate revolutionary unions—and argues instead for transforming existing craft unions from within by keeping militant workers inside the organized masses. It presents the Amalgamated Clothing Workers not as a product of dual unionism, but as a successful example of militants working within the old United Garment Workers to defeat reactionary leadership before eventually forming an independent organization. The League's program emphasizes establishing a left bloc within existing unions to push for industrial organization, internationa ...