Syndicalism is best encapsulated by the early program of the IWW: build the trade union movement to a critical mass, then perform a general strike and cripple the capitalist economy in order to take power. Foster has not only found this program foolhardy on its face, but charges it with promoting the idea of “dual unionism” which fractured and broke the labour movement in the US. Moreover, Foster shows the divergence between syndicalist tendencies and Leninist ones, arguing that the lack of intellectual rigour in syndicalist theorizing will always spell its doom.