We often feel a deep sense of moral duty, but finding a logical proof for that duty is one of the greatest challenges in philosophy. This is the tension between the factual world we observe and the values we believe we must follow.

This discussion covers the "fact-value distinction," which suggests that descriptions of the world do not automatically tell us how we should behave. We also address the metaphysical problem of determinism, which suggests that if every event is caused by what came before it, the choice required for moral responsibility might not exist.

• Seeking foundational truths that cannot be denied as a basis for ethics.
• The gap between value-free descriptions and the claims of moral obligation.
• The argument that moral properties cannot be defined by natural consensus or survival.
• The essenti ...