The scientific understanding of how biological systems respond to drugs is shifting from traditional, linear models to nuanced, non-linear paradigms that utilize ultra-low doses to improve safety and efficacy.

The Evolution of Dose-Response Models Historically, toxicology and pharmacology relied on two primary models: the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) model, which assumes any exposure is harmful and effects are strictly proportional to the dose, and the Threshold model, which assumes effects only appear after a specific dose limit is reached. Today, modern medicine increasingly recognizes Hormesis, a biphasic dose-response model where low doses induce beneficial, adaptive stress responses (enhancing cellular resilience) while high doses cause toxicity or inhibition.

Key Clinical Applications of Low-Dose Medicine

• Phase 0 Drug De ...